Northern Ireland’s hybrid trade regime: an examination of the relationship between the Ireland-Northern Ireland Protocol and the UK’s post-Brexit trade agreements

This paper focusses on the interplay between the NI Protocol/Windsor Framework and post-Brexit UK trade agreements. It examines potential areas of conflict between Protocol obligations and obligations derived from UK trade agreements. In doing so, it sheds light on the extent to which compliance with the Protocol may undermine NI’s ability to export and import goods under the preferential terms negotiated under UK trade agreements. It further discusses the consequences of these incompatibilities between the Protocol and these agreements for NI and, more widely, the functioning of the UK internal market as whole.

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