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13 Publications found…
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Blog post 5 November 2025
The European Union’s new steel tariff quota system: What it means for Northern Ireland
View postSummary CITP publication
This blog explores how the EU’s proposed tariff quota system might affect Northern Ireland’s ability to import steel from Great Britain.
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Briefing Paper 24 June 2025
Negotiating a turbulent world: The role of devolved nations in UK trade
By Alexander Fitzpatrick, Ludivine Petetin, Lisa Claire Whitten, Billy Melo Araujo, Viviane Gravey, Dan Wincott, Lindsey Garner-Knapp and Daniela Janikova et al.
View postSummary CITP publication
This Briefing Paper explores the evolving position, role, and potential for the Devolved Administrations of the UK in how trade policy is formulated and implemented across the four nations of the UK.
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Evidence 15 May 2025
House of Lords International Agreements Committee inquiry on Review of treaty scrutiny
By Billy Melo Araujo, Ludivine Petetin, Lisa Claire Whitten, Lindsey Garner-Knapp and Viviane Gravey et al.
View postSummary CITP publication
In response to this inquiry by the House of Lords International Agreements Committee on "Review of treaty scrutiny", our evidence reviews the UK’s treaty scrutiny legal framework and practice under the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act (CRAG) and highlights certain weaknesses / limitations. The report advocates for reforms: granting Parliament full approval powers over treaties, expanding scrutiny to cover more treaty types and non-binding instruments, and improving transparency and public engagement. It also calls for stronger consultation mechanisms with devolved governments and civil society, addressing systemic barriers. Without reforms, the UK's treaty-making process risks undermining democratic accountability, transparency, and legitimacy.
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Blog post 13 November 2024
US trade policy under Trump: Potential implications for the Windsor Framework and Northern Ireland
By Billy Melo Araujo, Lisa Claire Whitten and Viviane Gravey.
View postSummary CITP publication
This blog looks at how a Trump presidency might affect Northern Ireland, particularly in light of the Protocol/Windsor Framework.
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Blog post 18 July 2024
A New Government in Westminster: What Next For Trade and Devolution?
By Lisa Claire Whitten, Viviane Gravey and Billy Melo Araujo.
View postSummary CITP publication
What does the change in government in Westminster mean for UK trade policy from the perspective(s) of the periphery of the three devolved administrations?
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Academic Paper 26 April 2024
Northern Ireland’s hybrid trade regime: an examination of the relationship between the Ireland-Northern Ireland Protocol and the UK’s post-Brexit trade agreements
By Billy Melo Araujo and Dylan Wilkinson et al.
View postSummary CITP publication
This paper focusses on the interplay between the NI Protocol/Windsor Framework and post-Brexit UK trade agreements. It examines potential areas of conflict between Protocol obligations and obligations derived from UK trade agreements. In doing so, it sheds light on the extent to which compliance with the Protocol may undermine NI’s ability to export and import goods under the preferential terms negotiated under UK trade agreements. It further discusses the consequences of these incompatibilities between the Protocol and these agreements for NI and, more widely, the functioning of the UK internal market as whole.
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Evidence 16 May 2023
Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland Sub-Committee – Lords Select Committee inquiry on the Windsor Framework
By Viviane Gravey, Billy Melo Araujo and Lisa Claire Whitten et al.
View postSummary CITP publication
Written Submission to Lords Select Committee Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland Sub-Committee, on trade impacts of the Windsor Framework by Viviane Gravey, Billy Melo Araujo and Lisa Claire Whitten. This was cited four times in resulting HoL report: https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/41064/documents/199962/default/
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Academic Paper 22 December 2022
An analysis of the UK Government’s defence of the Northern Ireland Protocol Bill under international law
By Billy Melo Araujo et al.
View postSummary CITP publication
In the early summer of 2022, the United Kingdom (UK) Government introduced the Northern Ireland Protocol Bill in the House of Commons. This Bill establishes a regulatory framework that is intended to enable the UK Government to breach its obligations under the Withdrawal Agreement and, more specifically, the Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol (the Protocol). The UK Government contends that the Bill can, however, be justified under international law by reference to both article 16 of the Protocol and the plea of necessity under customary international law. This article examines the extent to which the UK Government’s position is valid.
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Evidence 27 October 2022
House of Lords Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland Sub-Committee inquiry on the Northern Ireland Protocol Bill
By Billy Melo Araujo et al.
View postSummary CITP publication
Written Evidence submitted to House of Lords Sub-Committee on the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland’s inquiry into the Northern Ireland Protocol Bill , October 2022.
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Academic Paper 20 July 2022
A Contextual Analysis of Article 16 of the Ireland-Northern Ireland Protocol
By Billy Melo Araujo et al.
View postSummary Pre-CITP publication
Article 16 of the Ireland–Northern Ireland Protocol annexed to the EU–UK Withdrawal Agreement is an escape clause which allows the parties to deviate from their obligations under certain conditions. This article maps out the main features of the safeguards provision in the Protocol in light of international trade law and international relations literature on treaty design. It provides a detailed examination of the safeguards provision in the Protocol and highlights the key design flaws associated with this regime as well as some potential solutions to such flaws.
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